Corporate Credit Rating: A Survey

Corporate credit rating (CCR) plays a very important role in the process of contemporary economic and social development. How to use credit rating methods for enterprises has always been a problem worthy of discussion. Through reading and studying the relevant literature at home and abroad, this paper makes a systematic survey of CCR. This paper combs the context of the development of CCR methods from the three levels: statistical models, machine learning models and neural network models, summarizes the common databases of CCR, and deeply compares the advantages and disadvantages of the models. Finally, this paper summarizes the problems existing in the current research and prospects the future of CCR. Compared with the existing review of CCR, this paper expounds and analyzes the progress of neural network model in this field in recent years.Comment: 11 page

A longitudinal resource for population neuroscience of school-age children and adolescents in China

During the past decade, cognitive neuroscience has been calling for population diversity to address the challenge of validity and generalizability, ushering in a new era of population neuroscience. The developing Chinese Color Nest Project (devCCNP, 2013–2022), the first ten-year stage of the lifespan CCNP (2013–2032), is a two-stages project focusing on brain-mind development. The project aims to create and share a large-scale, longitudinal and multimodal dataset of typically developing children and adolescents (ages 6.0–17.9 at enrolment) in the Chinese population. The devCCNP houses not only phenotypes measured by demographic, biophysical, psychological and behavioural, cognitive, affective, and ocular-tracking assessments but also neurotypes measured with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of brain morphometry, resting-state function, naturalistic viewing function and diffusion structure. This Data Descriptor introduces the first data release of devCCNP including a total of 864 visits from 479 participants. Herein, we provided details of the experimental design, sampling strategies, and technical validation of the devCCNP resource. We demonstrate and discuss the potential of a multicohort longitudinal design to depict normative brain growth curves from the perspective of developmental population neuroscience. The devCCNP resource is shared as part of the “Chinese Data-sharing Warehouse for In-vivo Imaging Brain” in the Chinese Color Nest Project (CCNP) – Lifespan Brain-Mind Development Data Community (https://ccnp.scidb.cn) at the Science Data Bank

Generation of ESTs for Flowering Gene Discovery and SSR Marker Development in Upland Cotton

BACKGROUND: Upland cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L., is one of the world's most important economic crops. In the absence of the entire genomic sequence, a large number of expressed sequence tag (EST) resources of upland cotton have been generated and used in several studies. However, information about the flower development of this species is rare. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: To clarify the molecular mechanism of flower development in upland cotton, 22,915 high-quality ESTs were generated and assembled into 14,373 unique sequences consisting of 4,563 contigs and 9,810 singletons from a normalized and full-length cDNA library constructed from pooled RNA isolated from shoot apexes, squares, and flowers. Comparative analysis indicated that 5,352 unique sequences had no high-degree matches to the cotton public database. Functional annotation showed that several upland cotton homologs with flowering-related genes were identified in our library. The majority of these genes were specifically expressed in flowering-related tissues. Three GhSEP (G. hirsutum L. SEPALLATA) genes determining floral organ development were cloned, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed that these genes were expressed preferentially in squares or flowers. Furthermore, 670 new putative microsatellites with flanking sequences sufficient for primer design were identified from the 645 unigenes. Twenty-five EST-simple sequence repeats were randomly selected for validation and transferability testing in 17 Gossypium species. Of these, 23 were identified as true-to-type simple sequence repeat loci and were highly transferable among Gossypium species. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: A high-quality, normalized, full-length cDNA library with a total of 14,373 unique ESTs was generated to provide sequence information for gene discovery and marker development related to upland cotton flower development. These EST resources form a valuable foundation for gene expression profiling analysis, functional analysis of newly discovered genes, genetic linkage, and quantitative trait loci analysis

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microbial Community in Kumamoto Oyster (Crassostrea sikamea) Larvae: Response to Antibiotics in Trace Concentration

Antibiotic treatment is regarded as an emergency measure to avoid disease occurrence of aquatic animals during metamorphosis in an aquaculture system, which is very common in hatcheries of bivalve mollusc larvae. However, it is still unclear how and to what extent the antibiotic addition affects the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities of marine bivalve larvae. We profiled the community compositions and dominant taxonomies of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiota of Kumamoto oyster (Crassostrea sikamea) larvae exposed to seawater with antibiotics in trace concentration. A total of 500,664 16S rRNA and 501,933 18S rRNA gene fragments were selected for classification, resulting in 714 prokaryotic Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and 47 eukaryotic OTUs. Antibiotic exposure altered the structure of larval microbiome and increased the prokaryotic but decreased the eukaryotic microbial diversity. Larval microbiota was sensitive to antibiotics, as evidenced by alternation of the dominant bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chlamydiae, and Actinobacteria, and eukaryotic phyla Streptophyta, Cercozoa, Chlorophyta and Haptophyta. Similarly, a significant effect was observed at the family and genus level, especially the increased bacterial Devosiaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Halieaceae, Vibrionaceae families, and Devosia, Stappia and Vibrio genera, and eukaryotic Isochrysidaceae and TAGIRI1-linage family and Tisochrysis genus. These results indicate that antibiotic treatment may induce a shift in the larval microbiome, which may cause an unstable community structure and in turn affect the oyster health

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Microbial Community in Kumamoto Oyster (<i>Crassostrea sikamea</i>) Larvae: Response to Antibiotics in Trace Concentration

Antibiotic treatment is regarded as an emergency measure to avoid disease occurrence of aquatic animals during metamorphosis in an aquaculture system, which is very common in hatcheries of bivalve mollusc larvae. However, it is still unclear how and to what extent the antibiotic addition affects the prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbial communities of marine bivalve larvae. We profiled the community compositions and dominant taxonomies of prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbiota of Kumamoto oyster (Crassostrea sikamea) larvae exposed to seawater with antibiotics in trace concentration. A total of 500,664 16S rRNA and 501,933 18S rRNA gene fragments were selected for classification, resulting in 714 prokaryotic Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) and 47 eukaryotic OTUs. Antibiotic exposure altered the structure of larval microbiome and increased the prokaryotic but decreased the eukaryotic microbial diversity. Larval microbiota was sensitive to antibiotics, as evidenced by alternation of the dominant bacterial phyla Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Chlamydiae, and Actinobacteria, and eukaryotic phyla Streptophyta, Cercozoa, Chlorophyta and Haptophyta. Similarly, a significant effect was observed at the family and genus level, especially the increased bacterial Devosiaceae, Microbacteriaceae, Halieaceae, Vibrionaceae families, and Devosia, Stappia and Vibrio genera, and eukaryotic Isochrysidaceae and TAGIRI1-linage family and Tisochrysis genus. These results indicate that antibiotic treatment may induce a shift in the larval microbiome, which may cause an unstable community structure and in turn affect the oyster health

The extent and nature of television food advertising to children in Xi’an, China

Abstract Background To explore the extent and nature of television food advertising especially unhealthy food advertising to primary school children in Xi’an, China. Methods Television data were recorded for 2 weekdays and 2 weekend days between 6:00 and 22:00 during May and June in 2012 from a total of five television channels most popular with children in Xi’an. Pearson χ2 tests and logistic regression were applied to determine differences in the proportion of healthy food, unhealthy food and miscellaneous food advertisements for different channels, programs, dates, viewing periods and the use of persuasive marketing tactics. Results Of the 5527 advertisements transcribed, 25.5 % were for food, among which 48.1 % were considered to be unhealthy. The frequency of food advertisements was 6 per hour per channel, including 3 unhealthy food advertisements. Compared with healthy and miscellaneous food advertisements, more unhealthy food advertisements were shown during afternoon, weekends and children’s non-peak viewing times as well as on children’s television channels, central television channels and non-children’s programmes. Unhealthy foods contributed the highest proportion of all food advertisements containing promotional characters (51.7 %) and premium offers (59.1 %). Both promotional characters and premium offers appeared more on non-children’s television channels. Conclusions The majority of food advertisements were for unhealthy food. More unhealthy food ads were shown in children’s non-peak time and afternoon as well as non-children’s channels. More children-oriented persuasive marketing tactics were used in unhealthy food ads especially in non-children’s channels. Therefore, intervening in the entrance of unhealthy foods into the market and establishing regulations related to food advertising especially unhealthy food advertisements are important strategies to prevent children’s exposure to unhealthy food and childhood obesity